Trinity Community Hospital Development

Introduction Trinity community hospital operates in an environment that is influenced by national trends and policy frameworks. Currently, the hospital aspires to establish elaborate orthopedic, cardiovascular and cancer centers. Opening such centers will imply increased spending on the part of the hospital.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Trinity Community Hospital Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Despite the hospital’s strong strategies and planning, the revenues from the anticipated increase in volumes of patients have not been forthcoming leading to a drop in profit margins. The rationale is that national policies have affected the hospital’s financial performance negatively. While the self-pay program is yielding marginal revenues for Trinity Community Hospital, there has been a surge in Medicare and Medicaid utilization. Government’s increased involvement in health care has seen the rise of new health care policies. Ideally, national policies seek to increase health insurance covers to more people, although it is detrimental in the end. This paper discusses the impacts of national trends and policies on the hospital and prescribes a possible legislation. Impacts of National trends on Trinity Community Hospital National health policies have changed dramatically over the recent years. The government hopes to increase the number of uninsured individuals by rolling out a policy that has seen public health care providers record increased membership. Medicaid and Medicare health care providers are public-funded and as such, it is hard for private hospitals and health care insurers to compete effectively. There is a clear negative impact on community hospitals and private health care facilities. Trinity Hospital has had a declining financial performance. In fact, the revenues dropped from $462 million to $ 427 million in a period of two years. Trinity ho spital, therefore, contends with the question of reduced revenues. Reduced revenues have many impacts for Trinity Community Hospital. Chiefly, there is an apparent need for the hospital to open oncology, orthopedic and cardiovascular centers within the community.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Oncology services remain a major concern for the hospital given that the demand for such services is anticipated to increase exponentially in future. Besides, oncology services remain poorly organized in the hospital with only a few cardiologists liaising with the hospital to facilitate the diagnoses and prevention processes. To establish functional centers, the hospital needs to prioritize on urgently demanded service centers. For orthopedic and cardiovascular services, Regional Hospital and Tertiary Medical Center provide efficient services. Hence, the hospital ought to priorit ize on oncology services that are absent or poorly organized in other hospitals. National trends, therefore, will imply a review of the strategic plan to grapple with diminishing revenues. This is in agreement with David Joint’s perspective that the government has become far too involved in the health care sector at the expense of health facilities. Second, the hospital’s goal of establishing high-quality centers that provide oncology, orthopedic and cardiovascular services is at risk. Quality service centers imply more medical practitioners and employees. Nonetheless, the physicians’ returns do not match the heightened costs and as such, Trinity Community Hospital stands to lose a substantial number of already employed members of the staff while putting up with strained ability to hire skilled professionals. This will, in turn, make the hospital unable to attend to the needs of the hospital. This is not only detrimental for the hospital’s ability to meet its objectives but also lead to a farther reduction in revenues in addition to worsened shortage of medics (Marshall Rossman, 2009). Another impact that is embedded in the imminent shortage of physicians is an increase of demand for healthcare services, which at the current situation will not be met. This is not only at Trinity Community hospital but also at the community level.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Trinity Community Hospital Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Regional Hospital and Tertiary Medical Center will be unable to meet the demands of the patients given the impending shortage of physicians. Therefore, the national objective of increasing provision of health care to numerous people will not be achieved in the long term. Finally, Trinity Community Hospital may not be able to realize its objectives and goals stipulated in the strategic plan. It is, therefore, critical to review t he strategic plan to match the current trends. This would, in turn, insinuate a delayed realization of the hospital’s goals to provide health care services that are high of quality while at the same time complying with the national policies and trends that have made the services inaccessible contrary of the objectives of the national policies. Possible Solution and Legislation There are numerous impacts that will ensue after the legislators and policymakers allow a policy that reduces physicians’ payments to guide health care facilities. To arrive at a solution and a possible framework that will see the attainment of both the government and hospital’s objectives, there is the need to explore alternatives. At the outset, it is apparent that the government would like to see the number of people without health covers reduce significantly. The policy reflects a short-term antidote for an entrenched problem. Joint and Holland are right in their assertion that there i s a need for Trinity Community Hospital to be proactive in the activities of Hospital Political Action Committee that will propose a feedback to the legislators as well as the national policymakers. Primarily, working closely with the Committee will enhance lobbying. According to Krugman Wells (2006), a strong body that addresses the issues and impacts surrounding the current policies and national trends will have a better chance of convincing the policymakers than when Trinity confronts the policymakers as a single organization.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The committee will also allow the members to address pertinent issues and explore alternatives for the policies (Krugman Wells, 2006). For Trinity Community Hospital, alternatives that it will present to the committee include the following, although they are not limited to the Board’s opinion. First, it is important for the national legislators to appreciate that the current policies are inadequate to address the issues of rising demand for specific health services. Evidently, oncology and cancer services are not meeting the current demand of patients in the hospitals located within the community. Coupled with the fact that the government legislations seek to reduce physicians’ payments, the demand is poised to increase in the long term. As such, policies that address the issue of access to quality services for specific medical areas as orthopedic, oncology and cardiovascular could be the starting point during the feedback presentation. Besides, it is important to art iculate the rising shortage for physicians in different sectors through the Hospital Political Action Committee. For oncology services, Trinity Community Hospital alongside other hospitals, is yet to establish functional centers that provide cancer services to the members of the community partly because of the apparent shortage of medical professionals in the area. To that end, the policymakers will have to understand the glaring crises that may typify health care system in future. Subsequently, a possible legislation ought to prioritize on the areas that need staffing. While some health care services are readily available to the community, others remain elusive and it is upon the government to introduce a special category of physicians whose payments will be forthcoming. This does not only allure more people to join medical schools to pursue professions whose services are needed but also increase the ability for the hospital to retain current medics and provide improved health care services. Further, Trinity Hospital will use this platform to explicate that the numbers of uninsured patients continue to rise. Although Medicaid and Medicare constitute substantial percentage of health care insurance, increasing numbers of people have no medical covers and insurance to access health care in the community. An alternative policy ought to focus on reducing the number of uninsured members of the community while also ensuring that they prioritize on areas whose demand for services is high. Finally, the legislators ought to enhance a more comprehensive policy that addresses prevention healthcare as opposed to curative care. In line with Trinity Hospital’s objectives of embarking on community outreaches and sensitization to the members of the community, the policies ought to give priority to prevention programs that will not only reduce demand for health care services but also facilitate reduction of the current workload amongst physicians. It should be made a po licy for members of the community to access basic information regarding orthopedic, cardiovascular and oncology services. Besides, the policy should be driven by a campaign to improve people’s lifestyles and elucidate on dangers that are associated with specific lifestyles. This way, the hospital will reduce the anticipated numbers of patients seeking health care services and live within its objectives of providing quality healthcare services for patients given that their numbers will drop substantially. Summary In sum, it is important for the entire team at Trinity Community Hospital to appreciate the effects that national trends and policies will have on the hospital’s plans and projections. First, the policies will lead to a farther reduction in the revenues of the hospital. The revenue margin has reduced substantially in a period of two years. With such a decline in annual revenues, Trinity Community Hospital grapples with the need to establish orthopedic, cardiova scular and oncology centers which will be affected by diminishing revenues. Besides, legislation that seek to withdraw payments from physicians will lead to a sharp shortage of physician across the entire country. This is notwithstanding the growing demand for oncology services in particular. This is bearing in mind that, hospitals like Trinity Community Hospital are yet to organize their respective cancer departments. To address these issues, Trinity hospital ought to liaise with Hospital Political Action Committee that will increase the organization’s ability to lobby the legislators (Marshall Rossman, 2009). It is through the committee that Trinity Community hospital will be able to explicate the impacts of the policies. Besides, the committee will be able articulate the review of such policies to benefit the entire community. The amendments in the current policies will also focus on the need for more improved prevention care programs. This will go a long way in reducing the current unmet demand for services in the community. References Krugman, P. Wells, R. (2006). Health Care Policies and Impacts on Hospitals. New York: Worth Publishers. Marshall, C. Rossman, B. (2009). Healthcare Policies and Long-Term Impacts. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications. This case study on Trinity Community Hospital Development was written and submitted by user Eli W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Hate Bush essays

Hate Bush essays WHAT THE HELL!!! Gorge W. Bush is president agene? He should never have been president. He starts a war. Cant keep track of/ blows all our tax money .And is very I dont know how to put it stupid/ ignorant, but I know hes not well school stupid but, makes bad decisions. I believe that Pres. Bush should not be president. He is a money/war loving jid-idiot who cant even count. This country is in debt. In the year 2004, Bush made 1.782 trillion dollars, yah sounds like a lot but, he ended up spending 2.156 trillion dollars. How do you spend money you dont have? A nice chunk of that is going to Bushs war (will be further explained latter,) there are cut backs on thing that shouldnt be cut back. Like our schools; public schools were a joke before but not its ridiculous. Teachers have limits to how much paper they can print, such a small amount of materials they can use, ex.... Being in debt like this makes the whole country look ever shittyer, and now the value of the U.S.s dollar isnt up to gold value anymore. All this could have been different if Bush hadnt taken over agene and started his war, and didnt act like a coke addict and cant even keep track of money. WAR. A simple three letter word that means so much. Pres. Bush felt like starting a war with Iraq because some terrorists decide to hurt his pride and crush a couple buildings. Now there are more people dead in his war than the entire bombing. When I hear the word war, I only think two things, two things I hate to hear, death and destruction. thats all that war can bring. Innocent people die and their homes get destroyed by both sides. The young man who joined the U.S army with dreams of heroism and pride ,only to get shot in the heart, and sure to have grieving parents and siblings. The proud husband and father who fights off foreign invaders to protect his home and country only to...

Literature and Politics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Literature and Politics - Essay Example All his poems deal with disillusionment and resentment that result from participating in a war that kills many in the name of serving one's country. Owen is also highly disillusioned by war politics and the way its affects a large percentage of younger generation that joins the war. Owen understands that politicians usually cash in on the emotions of people and urge them to join the war. But that these soldiers later find out is truly disturbing. They realize that the war they had been fighting was unjust in many ways. It results in the death of millions, most of who are of innocent people and apart from that, it also robs young people of their hopes and dreams by turning them into senseless killers. In the poem one soldier finds himself in hell with another solider that he had killed. Though both soldiers come from different countries, their hopes and dreams were the same. They realize that despite the differences due to which one killed the other, they were still very similar in many respects. This poem is still a great deal subtler than most other war poems by Owen. The poet has tried to propagate against war and speak about war politics but no particular nation has been targeted. The meeting of soldiers that occurs in hell can be seen as a regular meeting between any two soldiers from any two countries in the world. By maintaining this ambiguity, the poet has tried to attract attention to the real issues addressed. Futility of war is the main issues and so is pity. While in some other poems, Owen has talked about 'charring of the emotions' that war leaves behind or 'the old lies' of sp-called honor and service to country, but in Strange Meeting, the poet is discussing the sheer senselessness of war- 'the undone years / The hopelessness'. What is truly disturbing about war, according to Owen, is not just the killing involved but also the lifetime of guilt that accompanies such actions. Owen makes it clear speaking from experience that one is condemned to a lifetime of regret when they participate in a war and are forced to end many innocent lives. It is then the 'the truth untold /The pity of war, the pity war distilled' that keeps them awake at nights. In the preface to his collection of poems, Owen explained that: "This book is not about heroes. English Poetry is not yet fit to speak of them. Nor is it about deeds or lands, nor anything about glory, honour, dominion or power, except War. Above all, this book is not concerned with Poetry. The subject of it is War, and the pity of War. The Poetry is in the pity" The poem is thus concerned with pity and sheer pointlessness of war. This is closer to propaganda poem because it contains a clear message against war politics and those who initiate the same. One of the most commonly used propaganda technique is directing people's attention to 'post-traumatic stress disorder' that results from participating in war. This is an important and effective technique since people can relate to it and it helps the audience views soldiers as victims of war. The very term propaganda means communicating information in support of a certain viewpoint. In this poem, the poet is not being objective. He is using his poetic skills to speak against war and politicians. His stand on war is clear

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice Research Paper

Analysis and Application of Clinical Practice - Research Paper Example The study aims to come up with recommendation that would inform family, practice, preventive medicine and sports medicine alike. A committee known as the Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) developed the guidelines in this study. This comprise of the authors who are degree holders in medicine and a master’s in public health. The fact that the authors are health personnel with experience and practice in the field of medicine and public health from different hospital and teaching hospitals does not present adequately all the health personnel that the guidelines were intended to reach. Other professional personals including nurses, physiotherapists, and occupational therapists should be included. The means of data collection in the study was electronically done thereby underscoring the involvement of the patients affected by the injuries covered by the study. The researchers did not obtain information from the primary end user of the study regarding thing like behaviors and attitudes that influence the use of helmets. The involvement of the vulnerable groups and patients is lacking in the research findings. With the composition of the committee of guideline development, there is a likelihood of conflict of interest in the way the guidelines are formulated. Since one of the main goal of the guidelines was to offer preventive measures against head and neck injury, the management of the guidelines does not assure the other professionals responsible for the implementation of these preventive measures of the impact in contributing to the research. The sources of information used by the authors are credible. The study heavily relied on medical literature that had been published from webliographies like PubMed, EMBASE databases and Cochrane Library. The terms of search are relevant to the study and included helmet, helmet use, equipment and head protective devices among others. The period of the literature used was expansive enough, between 1980 and

Development of Radio in African Countries

Development of Radio in African Countries Chris Cazalet Essay: The Development of radio in African countries, including South Africa Radio is the most important medium in Africa. Its Flexibility, low costs, and oral character meet Africa’s situation very well. It remains the top medium in terms of the number of people that it reaches (Mytton). Radio is the fundamental mass-medium in Africa as it holds the widest reach and the highest audience numbers compared to television (TV), newspapers and other information and communication technologies (ICTs). Over the last 20 years radio has experiences a regeneration, due to democratisation and more affordable technology, today radio has proved to be far more hands-on and a straightforward type of communication then it possibly was in older times. Adding to the development is the welcoming of new technologies that have become available – this has evolved radio into more of a two-way medium, assisting in the bridge of the digital divide by providing information tools for access to all audiences (Mytton). Radio as a source of news and entertainment is completely unrestricted by the internet. One of the main developmental content encounters on African Radio is the need to produce programmes on a tight budget. The dominant principles of African radio is live broadcast, rather than arranged programmes (Myers, 2008). Future technologic trends seem to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. It is unlikely that TV will challenge radio as it is developing at a lower process then expected. â€Å"At the level of international donor support, radio, which at one time was regarded at the ‘poor cousin’ of the newer ICTs, has been brought back into the ICT family, there is renewed interest at the policy level.† (Myers, 2008). There are four classes that radio stations can be divided into today, state-controlled public radio; privately owned commercial radio; community-controlled radio and international radio. Because a country’s media may be loosened does not mean that there are not huge stresses on press freedom and countless economic challenges met by broadcasters. Technology seems to be enhancing rather than replacing radio. Radio is uniquely matched to the African context, being an aural and portable medium in a continent that is primarily non-literate (Myers, 2008). The history of radio development emerged from three separate stages, beginning in 1924 when they first South African broadcasts took place. There was the colonial period, radio was the main medium which was brought in to serve the settlers and the welfares of the colonial powers. Later on the ruling classes introduced radio services presented by and for the indigenous people. The domestic broadcasting system of all European authorities such as the British independent public service model of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) or the French government radio stations were not government monopolies (Mytton). The earliest broadcasting that appeared on the continent was in in South Africa. In Johannesburg, Cape Town, and Durban, three organizations – an advertising group, a private dub, and a local authority; these organisations were granted licenses to broadcast. They all soon were taken over by an entrepreneur who, through difficulty, moved the stations toward commercial practicality. The government did not see this commercial practicality as a service they sought after – after inviting John Reith, the BBC’s first director-general, to come to South Africa in 1934 to help them develop a national public service form of broadcasting thus the South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC) was created in 1936. SABC drifted from BBC’s working mannerisms soon after its establishment. It was never far from the political influence and control which grew during the years of apartheid. For a large period the SABC programmes were dictated by white audiences until 1943, it only broadcasted in English and Africans, leaving the African audiences ignored. In the 1960’s broadcasting for Africans extended when Radio Bantu was developed during apartheid to emphasise the apartheid ideology of the separation of the races (Mytton). After World War 2 broadcasting expanded in most of the African colonies and became one of the official British policies, radio services would be developed to educate and inform the African listeners. Torn Chalmers, a successful BBC radio producer who was involved in developing of the radio is Nigeria, Malawi, Zambia and Tanzania, along with others tried to separate broadcasting from government. In spite of the establishment of public corporation in several British regions, stations were closely managed by their corresponding governments and had little independence (Mytton). The French developed a different policy, nearly all broadcasting in French regions were in the French language. Radio broadcasting to a large extent, originated in France through the Societe de Radio-diffusion de la France d’Outre-Mer (Society for Radio Transmission to French Overseas Territories – SORAFOM). It was not until the 1960’s the decade when African colonies were granted independence and allowed to establish national radio broadcasters (Mytton). In most countries the national and regional radio represent the voice of the government. The main difference between state radios and independent radios are that state radios reach nation-wide and independent radio stations are confined to urban areas. Independent radios also have almost all been FM stations where as state radio stations are of various stations (Mytton). Community Radio has becoming a growing importance to the accessability of information and a tool of empowerment for local communities across Africa, they face several challenges with regard to sustainability. There is no certainty to the long-term future of this sector – despite it its growth in numerous countries. (MCgregor, 2006) Independent radios stations can be catorgorised into five types. Fully commercial stations that seek to make a profit, religious radio stations – these stations are mostly supported by sponsors, the growth of commercial radio could change the weakness of many states that support the talented artist that have had to stop working because of inadequate payments – these artists find that they do better by marketing their own music at street venders. Community radion stations which could be seen as the fastest growing sector – these stations are often staffed by volunteer helpers, run at low cost and sponsored from the outside. By 2000 there were over 70 radio stations in South Africa and more then 100 in West Africa. Community radio stations contribute to the national edication and development which is of major importance – there are many developmental agencies strongly favour the use of radio campaigns for better health, in the past these campaigns and advert isments were very dull however in recent years there has been a growth in the imaginative and entertaining use of the radio to encourage the development of these areas. The fourth and fifth categories each emerged as the result of ethnic or other struggles. Factional radio stations were used to promote a specific section in a struggle. This category was also referred to as the hate radio station. The fifth category, humanitarian radio stations, was a standing power to factional radio. Radio power in Africa led numerous aid agencies, including the United Nations, in support of the establishment of humanitarian radio stations that encourage peace, harmony and democracy. (Myers, 2008) In the 21st century there have been many technological advances that have boosted broadcasting to new invisions of direct satellite broadcasting. Digital shortwave is the future of radio tansmissions and if Africa can employ this new technology it will revolutionize radio broadcasting over the whole African continent. References MCgregor, S. (2006). Reserach Summary Report Africa Media Development Initiative. Rhodes University. London: BBC World Service Trust. Retrieved from http://africanmediainitiative.org/content/2013/07/22/AMDI-BBC-summary-report.pdf Myers, M. (2008). Radio and Development in Africa Concept Paper. Canada: International Development Research Centre of Canada. Retrieved from http://www.amarc.org/documents/manuals/12481943581Radio_and_Development_in_Africa,_a_concept_paper.pdf Mytton, G. (n.d.). A Brief History of Radio Broadcasting in Africa. Retrieved from http://www.transculturalwriting.com/radiophonics/contents/usr/downloads/radiophonics/A_Brief_History.pdf

Is Frankenstein the Modern Day Prometheus? Essay

Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus both create a male human being, they both sought glory from their creations, and they were both very intelligent beings. In view of these attributes Mary Shelly used to create character Dr. Victor Frankenstein it is obvious to see why she would subtitle her novel â€Å"The modern Prometheus. † Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus create man Philo Farnsworth creates the modern television we all watch today. Alexander Bell creates the telephone and now by nearly everyone on the planet. And who could forget Percy Spencer who created the microwave oven that is in just about every household in America. These inventions are all great but pale in comparison to creating a â€Å"Man†. After fighting alongside his fellow Titans in the war against the Olympians, Prometheus is given the task of creating humans. Prometheus creates a man out of mud. Dr. Frankenstein collects body parts for creating his man from mud. Dr. Frankenstein being even more obsessed with his diabolic plan to create man he neglected to notice the fact that he was desecrating a grave yard. Darkness had no effect upon my fancy; and a churchyard was to me merely the receptacle of bodies deprived of life, which, from being the seat of beauty and strength, had become food for the worm. † (Chapter 4) Dr. Frankenstein assumes the task of creating a human being â€Å"When I found so astonishing a power placed within my hands, I hesitated a long time concerning the manner in which I should employ i t†¦I began the creation of a human being. † (Chapter 4) Both of the characters created the male form of humanity and appear to neglect creating a female at the time of their creations. Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein seek glory from their creations In the quest for acknowledged authority and admiration from their creations, both Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus’ ambition backfires in ways they never expected. According to Greek Mythology Prometheus loved man so much that he came up with a plan to deceive the god Zeus by showing man how to offer less than favorable sacrifices to the gods. He also gave man the secret of fire after it was taken from them by Zeus. Prometheus thought that humans having this knowledge would improve humanity but it had the reverse effect. Man became deceptive not only to the gods but themselves and used the knowledge of fire for destruction and war. Prometheus sought glory and honor from the man he had created by giving them knowledge only the gods possessed. Dr. Frankenstein in turn sought supreme admiration from his creation when he said â€Å"Life and death appeared to me ideal bounds, which I should first break through, and pour a torrent of light into our dark world. A new species would bless me as its creator and source; many happy and excellent natures would owe their being to me. (Chapter 5) He also thought that he could improve on mankind with the knowledge he possessed â€Å"I thought, that if I could bestow animation upon lifeless matter, I might in process of time (although I now found it impossible) renew life where death had apparently devoted the body to corruption. † (Chapter 5) Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein thought that their creations would give them the glory and honor they both craved but the best made plans don’t always come to pass. Dr. Frankenstein and Prometheus were highly intelligent Highly intelligent people always seem to stand out from the crowd Prometheus and Victor are no exception. Most boys at the age of 13 are more interested in baseball and girls but the young Victor Frankenstein is more captivated by the works of the German Philosopher and Theologian Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa, Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. â€Å"When I was thirteen years of age, we all went on a party of pleasure to the baths near Thonon: the inclemency of the weather obliged us to remain a day confined to the inn. In this house I chanced to find a volume of the works of Cornelius Agrippa. I opened it with apathy; the theory which he attempts to demonstrate, and the wonderful facts which he relates, soon changed this feeling into enthusiasm. A new light seemed to dawn upon my mind; and, bounding with joy, I communicated my discovery to my father. When I returned home, my first care was to procure the whole works of this author, and afterwards of Paracelsus and Albertus Magnus. I read and studied the wild fancies of these writers with delight; they appeared to me treasures known to few beside myself. (Chapter 2) Victor attends college at an early age and surpasses the knowledge of his classmates and instructor. â€Å"When I had attained the age of seventeen, my parents resolved that I should become a student at the University of Ingolstadt. † (Chapter 3) â€Å"As I applied so closely, it may be easily conceived that my progress was rapid. My ardour was indeed the astonishment of the students, and my proficiency that of the masters. † (Chapter 4) â€Å"I m ade some discoveries in the improvement of some chemical instruments, which procured me great esteem and admiration at the university. I was surprised, that among so many men of genius who had directed their enquiries towards the same science, that I alone should be reserved to discover so astonishing a secret. † (Chapter 5) Prometheus by all accounts was the wisest of all the gods. He had created man to stand upright like the gods. Taught man how to deceive the gods and Prometheus possessed knowledge that even the mighty Zeus didn’t have. Both characters find that being highly intelligent has its cost. Dr. Victor Frankenstein is then modern Prometheus When Mary Shelley created the character of Victor Frankenstein she used an allusion to mythology to describe him. Prometheus and Dr. Frankenstein were both the creators of man, both were highly intelligent compared to their counter parts, and both were punished indirectly from their creations. Prometheus tormented by Zeus for giving man fire and showing man how to outwit the gods with unacceptable sacrifices. And Dr. Frankenstein forever tormented by the death of his brother, best friend and wife. He now must embark on a never ending quest to chase the creature forever. And now my wanderings began, which are to cease but with life. I have traversed a vast portion of the earth, and have endured all the hardships which travelers, in deserts and barbarous countries, are wont to meet. How I have lived I hardly know; many times have I stretched my failing limbs upon the sandy plain, and prayed for death. But revenge kept me alive; I dared not die, and leave my adversary in being. Amidst t he wilds of Tartary and Russia, although he still evaded me, I have ever followed in his track. Never will I give up my search, until he or I perish. (Chapter 24) Mary Shelly’s comparison of Dr. Frankenstein to Prometheus is both accurate and valid. After closely examining the two characters it’s easy to see why Mary Shelly was ahead of her time subtitling her novel â€Å"The Modern Prometheus† which is why it’s a classic novel to this day. References Mary W. Shelley â€Å" Frankenstein or the modern Prometheus† (1818) www. desy. de www. egs. edu www. gutenburg. org www. english-literature-space. blogspot. com www. sparknotes. com www. theeoi. com www. wikipedia. com

How did Lenin add to Marxism up to 1905, and with what consequences? Essay

Karl Marx was a German philosopher who wrote the Communist Manifesto, which encouraged workers to unite and seize power by revolution. His views became known as Marxism and influenced the thinking of socialists throughout Europe in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Marx believed that history was evolving in a series of stages towards a perfect state – Communism. These stages started with Feudalism – with the aristocrats controlling politics. Next would come Capitalism – with the bourgeoisie in control of politics. Finally the â€Å"perfect state† would arrive Communism – with the proletariat in control of politics. Marx believed that a Communist state would come about in countries such as Russia that were still feudal or did not have fully developed capitalist societies. He urged the proletariat to join the capitalists in revolting against the aristocrats and complete a capitalist revolution and then continue until the proletarian revolution occurred leading to a communist state. Vladimir Ilyich Ulyanov, also known as Lenin, was born in 1870 in Simvrisk, Russia. Lenin had a turbulent start to his life. At the age of 17 Lenin had to deal with the fact that his brother Alexander Ulyanov was hung for plotting to assassinate Tsar Alexander III. He then studied at the University of Kazan, where he converted to Marxism, but was expelled for revolutionary activities. Then in 1895 Lenin was exiled to Siberia for distributing revolutionary pamphlets. During his exile, the Russian Social Democratic Workers Party (RSDWP) was formed in Minsk in 1898. After Lenin’s return from exile in 1900, he founded a newspaper, Iskra, with Julius Tsederbaum, also known as Martov. The idea of the paper was to establish it as the leading underground revolutionary paper that would push forward the revolutionary movement. In 1902 he published a pamphlet called † What is to be done?† This pamphlet contained his radical ideas towards the nature of a revolutionary party. In this pamphlet, there were three main points that Lenin made in relation to the role of a revolutionary party. â€Å"An organisation of revolutionaries must contain primarily and chiefly people whose occupation is revolutionary activity†¦ This organisation must necessarily be not very broad, and as secret as possible.† This idea was stating that he wanted the party to consist of activists. He wanted people to go out and do something for the party rather than sit around and do nothing to help the cause of the party. This idea was later to contribute towards the split of the RSDWP. Lenin also stated; â€Å"The one serious organisational principle for workers in our movement must be the strictest secrecy, strictest choice of members, training of professional revolutionaries.† Lenin wanted the party to be professional and didn’t want the country to know that there was a revolutionary party being constructed that was to revolt against the current government. The third major point that Lenin made in his pamphlet was; â€Å"We must break completely with the tradition of a purely workers or trade union type of social democratic organisation down to factory groups inclusive. The factory groups or committee †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ must consist of a very small number of revolutionaries, receiving direct from the committee, orders and powers to conduct the whole social democratic party work in the factory.† This statement showed that Lenin wanted to create a dictatorial party that was to take orders from the top and no one else. He wanted to control the party and maintain it as a fully organised and prepared revolutionary organisation. In these three statements Lenin has already added to Marxism. Marx did not state what the role of the communist party would be. But here Lenin has said what he wants the party to do and how he wants it to be controlled. Marx also did not comment on how the party would operate and how it would gain power. Here in his pamphlet Lenin has shown that he wants a dictatorial party that will be run from the top and that they will take power with a highly organised and secret movement. Karl Marx never stated how and when revolution would take place. Lenin though did mention this. He made three changes to Marx’s theory. 1. Revolution would be accomplished by a small group of highly professional dedicated revolutionaries. They were needed to develop the revolutionary consciousness of workers and focus their attentions. 2. Lenin believed that the revolution would occur during a period of conflict between capitalist powers. He accepted Trotsky’s idea that a revolution would start in an underdeveloped country just like Russia where the struggle and conflict between proletariat and bourgeoisie was very great. This was known as the â€Å"weakest link† theory. 3. He did not think that the middle classes of Russia were strong enough to carry out a revolution. He believed that the working class could develop a revolutionary government of its own alliance with poor peasants who had a history of mass action in Russia. These changes show how Lenin believed in Marxism but added parts that Marx failed to mention in his theory. And so extended Marxism with his own ideas, Leninism. In 1903 the RSDWP held it’s second congress eventually in London, after the initial location Brussels was changed due to fear of persecution. In this congress four main issues were discussed. The first was the adoption of Iskra, Lenin and Martov’s revolutionary newspaper, as the party organ. The second issue discussed was probably the most important of the congress. The issue was that of membership. Lenin’s proposal was: â€Å"A member of the party is one who accepts its programmes and supports it, both materially and by personal participation in one of its organisations.† Lenin wanted party members that were active and actually went out and personally participated in events that would benefit the party. Whereas Martov believed that members should be: â€Å"A member of the RSDWP is one who accepts its programme and supports it both materially and by regular co-operation under the leadership of one of its organisations† Martov believed that party members should be passive and of large quantities similar to that of governments of nowadays. He wanted members to just accept the party’s programme and support in what they do. He didn’t state that he wanted active members like Lenin. George Plekhanov was the chairman of the congress as was the only main figure to agree with Lenin, all of the others on the Iskra editorial board came down on the side of Martov, as did Trotsky. Lenin’s proposal was rejected 28 to 23 and Martov’s proposal was accepted 28 to 22. The third issue of the Congress that was discussed was that of overseas organisations. It was decided that only the League of Revolutionary Social Democracy should be recognised and therefore the Union of Russian Social Democrats Abroad was disfranchised. This action caused the resignation of seven members of congress, all of them being Martov supporters, and sop now allowing supporters of Lenin to be in the majority. The fourth and final major point of the congress was that of Lenin’s proposal to reduce the members of the Iskra editorial board from six to three, and that the new party central committee have only three members. This was accepted and Lenin, Martov and Plekhanov were elected. But it became clear that Martov was in a minority and so rejected the offer and his supporters had nothing more to do with the elections. At this split Lenin’s supporters were dubbed the Bolshevik’s, majority, and Martov’s the Menshevik’s, minority. This congress shows how Lenin was adding to Marxism as he was trying to give the RSDWP some identity and an insight has to how he wanted it to be run. This was an addition to Marx, as he never mentioned how the party would be run and what the role of it would be. But these actions taken by Lenin have large consequences. His ideas clashed with that of Martov and so caused the split of the RSDWP. Another major consequence of Lenin’s abrasive personality and wish to have the RSDWP run his way was that this split of the party was non reconcilable. Plekhanov tried to create reconciliation between the Bolsheviks and Mensheviks and co-opted Mensheviks onto the now Bolshevik run Iskra board. But Lenin was having none of this. He resigned leaving Iskra to become a Menshevik organ and organised the Bolsheviks as a separate faction. Trotsky who was part of Martov’s Mensheviks wrote â€Å"Our political tasks† in 1904. â€Å"The party is replaced by the organisation of the party, the organisation by the control committee, and finally the control committee by the dictator.† Trotsky is commenting on the consequence of Lenin’s organisation of the party. He believes that Lenin’s concept of a revolutionary party would inevitably lead to dictatorship. In conclusion Lenin’s main addition to Marxism was to give the details about the role of the party, the membership of the party and the ultimate aim of the party, that Marx did not give when he began his theory of Marxism. But Lenin’s additions did not come without significant consequences that would affect the future of Russian politics.